Posterior part of the vertebral arch, between transverse processes and spinous process.Concavities on the cranial and caudal sides ( vertebral notches) form the intervertebral foramina.Lateral parts of the vertebral arch, between the vertebral body and the laminae.Articulates with the vertebral bodies above and below via the intervertebral discĬonsists of two pedicles (laterally) and two laminae (posteriorly) with several vertebral processes.Cylindrical anterior part of the vertebra responsible for weight bearing.The basic vertebra consists of a vertebral body anteriorly and vertebral arch posteriorly, which together surround the vertebral foramen. Embryologically, the vertebrae are derived from the somites of the paraxial mesoderm, and the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs is derived from the notochord. Adjacent vertebrae articulate via intervertebral discs and facet joints, and there are specialized joints in the upper cervical region, the thoracic region, and between the sacrum and pelvis for articulation with the head and neck, the ribs, and the hip respectively. More specific morphological features vary according to the region and associated function. The basic vertebra consists of a vertebral body ( anterior), a vertebral arch ( posterior), and a vertebral foramen, through which runs the spinal cord. ![]() It is, furthermore, the main site of hematopoiesis besides the pelvis. ![]() The functions of the vertebral column include protecting the spinal cord within the vertebral canal transferring the weight of the upper body to the pelvis articulating with the skull, ribs, and pelvis and providing attachment for musculature. The vertebral column extends from the skull to the pelvis and consists of 33 vertebrae, which are differentiated into five regions: the cervical spine ( C1–C7), the thoracic spine ( T1–T12), the lumbar spine ( L1–L5), the sacrum ( S1–S5 fused in adults), and the coccyx ( 3–5 fused bones).
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